ICONOGRAPHY: symbolic representation, especially the conventional meanings attached to an image or images.
An article recently published in MEDIA MAGAZINE considers something which has consistently popped up throughout my look at music, albums and everything else involved in publishing music – whether or not albums can exist with the ever growing technology which is making downloads more and more popular. Christopher Budd got the chance to go behind the scenes of creative agency ‘ The Intro Partnership’ of which he wrote an article explaining that album cover art is alive and well.. This is my take on the article:
THE DESIGNER’S PERSPECTIVE
Album art is part packaging, part advertising and allows the consumer a brief insight into an artist’s worldview and is ‘usually the happy result of a successful collaboration between creative minds‘. The best album cover art is able to illustrate and accompany the music in a way that creates a whole package.In the last 70 years, cover art has become a cultural object and some have become influential works that have made their mark on other media.
Christopher Budd was given the chance to find out more about the work of creating album cover art by talking to Julian House, a member of The Intro Patnership team in London. Intro work across a number of sectors, and Julian’s work is predominantly music-based. His first wish from the interview was to know whether other album cover designers worked in agencies like this, or whether it was more commonly a freelance occupation. Julian’s reply was as follows:
“We’re quite an unusual company in the breadth of work we cover; often jobs from one sector come in through another one. We have done corporate work where the client has responded well to the music industry work we’ve done, for example. As regards music industry work we do pitch, but only if we feel the client has come to us because they like what we do, rather than being part of a bigger competitive pitch process. Our best work comes from working with a client who wants us to do the job because they like other things we’ve done. But the work is better viewed as a collaboration, with a constant dialogue between the artist and us. We’ll work together as a team or as individuals depending on the project. There are designers at Intro who are known for their different approaches and often that’s what the client wants. In a way we work as individuals under a collective umbrella. Sometimes I’ll be doing a print campaign/cover and when that requires a video I’ll work together with one of the other directors here to bring it to fruition.”
This response allows us to see that the structure of having a creative umbrella organisation can be very beneficial as it provides you with more resources. Christopher wanted to know more about the briefing process and how different parties could influence the artistic direction. He asked where the brief usually came from: does it come solely from the label or management, or does the artist ever get a say? Once again, his response is shown below:
“There may be a brief from the record company that covers the basics, like whether the artist needs to be on the cover, who is the demographic, etc. But we take most of our direction from the artist. More often than not this involves sitting down and talking with them about the ideas behind the album, anything they’ve seen that they liked (not just music-related, but films, books etc.). Then we’ll go off and do several sets of visuals and present them, then hone it down from there. Generally we work on jobs where we’rd expected to come up with our own ideas based on an initial brief. We tend to avoid jobs that are too prescriptive, but even when a client has a very defined idea we open up the conversation and bring new ideas in to complement, so it’s never a one way thing.”
This was a great response for me personally as it showed me that I did not need to panic about the lack of planning me and Chris had participated in as creativity would come naturally. If your brief is too particular then it is very difficult to make an original album but the majority of ideas comes from things you’ve seen previously. Another thing which Christopher and Julian considered in relation to the design process was how far genre conventions play a role in his design process, and whether, beyond the specific brief, there are things an album sleeve should always do?
“I tend not to think of designs in terms of genre; each specific job exists in its own world with its own set of reference points. An album sleeve is an entry point into the universe that the music is in; it’s a window into the themes and ideas of the artist. The Primal Scream covers I’ve created will start with a conversation about references, everything from world events to underground films, punk fanzines, pop art, early video art, Italian horror films… in amongst these contrasting things certain themes or images will start to emerge which can be twisted around to fit together.”
As I mentioned above, creativity is something which comes naturally and arises from the culture we see and experience but something which I was not aware of was that album covers are not specific to the genre which is something me and Chris should consider in our own designs. At least in the mainstream, is the album sleeve still considered to be as important as it once was as part of the overall package of a piece of music?
“There’s definitely a need for visual accompaniment to the music. Even if an iPod image is small, we still have to update all our artwork to work as a downloadable PDF book on iTunes for an album, so the demand is still there. And there’s a resurgence of vinyl: special packaging sells quite well to a select audience. There are a lot of people still who need a tactile product, something to pore over.”
This explains to me why the digipack is needed because consumers still find it important that there is a visual accompaniment with the music. It is a great way to sell a product and create a star image. As stated above ‘there are a lot of people still who need a tactile product, something to pore over’.
DECONSTRUCTING ALBUM COVER ART
Below is a selection of questions which you should ask yourself when trying to pull apart an album cover. Album cover art can be extremely varied, utilising photos, graphics, typography, or any combination of these so therefore it is these things which need analysing.
Who made is, why, how, for whom, and for what purpose?
It’s important to think about not just who constructed this media text and why, but also who the audience is for any given text, and how they may respond to it. Of course album cover art is usually used to promote the album, and to make it eye-catching (this particular image will also be used for posters etc. as well) and to tell us something about the musicians and the music behind it. While the immediate target audience is likely to be those who frequently buy music, and particularly those who favour the specific band or genre, the artwork may be designed to attract a wider audience. With this in mind, we can consider what is actually in the image. As the image is a construction, everything has been put there deliberately and for a reason. This include all the text, graphics and logos.
Associations and connotations
Another important thing which needs considering is the difference between denotation, which means simply identifying the elements in the image, and connotation, which means examining what meanings and associations they might link to. For example, an image that denotes a powerful-looking car may have connotations of speed or power; but in conjunction with other elements making up the art it might also have connotations of escape, or thrill-seeking for example. On a hip-hop cover it may well have connotations of conspicuous wealth and extravagance, given that genre’s conventions.
Signs, symbols and codes
- A SIGN is a representation that refers to something else and has meaning, such as the car.
- A CODE means the structure of how signs are organised into systems to make meaning. These are usually divided into the technical (for example, what techniques are used to make the image, such as camera angles and lighting?) and the symbolic (what subtle indicators are there in the text to create the meaning, for example details of clothing or arrangement of objects?)
- There are also WRITTEN CODES that include the use of language and text layout.
Composition and framing
This looks at how the image is composed such as: is there numerous objects or figures in the scene? If one of them favoured against the rest? Are they all in focus? How is the image framed? How do light, shadow and colour play a part in the image? – Basically composition is anything in relation to how the image has been formed from beginning to end. We refer to conventions as established ways of doing things – in this case they mean established forms of presenting an image. There are set conventions depending on the genre of the music the Album art relates to. Album cover art can also be self-referential, adding an extra later of meaning to the image.
A media text can mean many different things to many different people. With this in mind, there is no end to the level of analysis you can make of any media text, including album cover art which is why myself and Chris need to be very particular with the decisions we make in relation to our digipack.
TEN ICONIC LANDMARKS IN ALBUM COVER ART HISTORY
The final segment of the article looked at the most iconic landmarks in album art including the most iconic ten. This was a great help to me as it allowed me to consider what people thought were good album artwork and why so that I could apply this knowledge to my own digipack. Below is the top ten albums as rated by Christopher Budd, with a reason, taken from the article, as to why they were so significant to British Culture:
Evaluation of source
This was a very long source of information but certain pieces were of much use to myself and Chris when creating our own digipack cover as it gave us many things to consider including composition and design. It also assured me that making a digipack was a necessary thing as people still rely on the visual aspect greatly. The interview part, although it did explain what people look for in album art, was very wordy and I did not find much out other than about the interviewee so therefore I would not rate that highly in being useful. I felt the middle section about decomposing album art was the best because it allowed me to see what the consumer would consider when looking at our album cover so that we could make the best decisions. It was good to look at previous examples which had made a big impact because we can take some of their ideas if needed but I will not focus on this information too much.